![]() Over the past decade, it has gained significant traction in discussions of technological or industrial revolutions, despite not being well defined (Kowalikova et al., 2020) according to Schwab, it relates to cyber-physical systems, whereas to others, it relates to advanced ICT and/or AI and robotics. The BEYOND4.0 project takes its name from Industry 4.0, a term coined at the turn of the last decade to promote the technological upgrading of German industry and popularised by Klaus Schwab (2016) via his leadership of the World Economic Forum. Industry 4.0 and the five surges model: complementary theories for informed policyĦ.3 Why and how are the approaches complementary?Ħ.4 A leap ahead with broader and more ambitious policy goalsĪPPENDIX: Findings and reflections of database searches on ‘technological/industrial revolutions’Ī.7 Web of Science, other databases and individual journals.Adapting to the technologically inevitable or shaping the options through policy?ĥ.1 Techno-optimist, techno-pessimist – or techno-determinist?ĥ.2 State and society set the direction for technology.Defining technological revolutions from a Neo-Schumpeterian perspectiveĤ.1 The structure of technological revolutionsĤ.3 Recurrence of loss and gain: the socio-economic impact of the patterns of installation and deploymentĤ.4 The role of paradigm shifts in lifestyles in the transformation of jobs and employment.Different definitions of technological revolutions: what, how many and whenģ.1 The cyclical ‘long waves’ approach: the economic viewģ.2 The historical view of technological revolutionsģ.3 The business and engineering perspectiveģ.5 Innovation-centred: between Marx and Schumpeterģ.6 Technological transitions studied at the meso-levelģ.7 The Neo-Schumpeterians: the mutual shaping of technology and society.
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